Introduction: Due to very small dimensions, nano-materials can have different properties compared to their bulk form. The Nanoparticle size dominates some of the atom-related properties of Nanoparticles. Such behavior changes may adversely affect biological organism, especially phytoplankton as the basis of food chain cycle. For this reason, in current research, the toxicity effect of CuO Nanoparticles (CuO NP) on Scenedesmus dimorphus has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: The toxic effect of CuO NP was investigated at 5 different concentrations of 2. 5, 6. 5, 17. 4, 45. 7, 120 mg/L against control in three replicates for each treatment and control. All samples were treated at constant temperature of 24 ° C and 12-hour period of light and dark for 72 hours. Algae count was done at time intervals of 24, 48 and 72h. Chlorophyll assay was done according to ASTM standard. Results: EC10, EC50, and EC90 amounts for 72 hours were 0. 18, 28. 84 and 4477. 35 mg/L, respectively. Over time, chlorophyll concentration was decreased in all treatments except for 57. 68 mg/L. Carotenoid showed significant decrease between all treatments and the control and also among different treatments (p<0. 05) and in 72h three treatments had different carotenoids (p<0. 05). Discussion and Conclusion: These results showed that CuO NP had significant toxic effect on Scenedesmus dimorphus and resulted in reduction, growth rate, and increase in doubling time. Also, the percent inhibition was increased with increasing CuO NP concentration. The chlorophyll and carotenoid levels decreased in Scenedesmus dimorphus by increasing CuO NP concentration.

Introduction: The vast diverse products and applications of engineered Nanoparticle bioconjugates (ENPBCs) are increasing, and thus flooding the-markets. However, the data to support risk estimates of ENPBC are limited. While it is important to assess the potential benefits, acceptability and uptake, it is equally important to understand where ENPBCs safety is and how to expand and affirm consumer security concerns. Methods: Online articles were extracted from 2013 to 2016 that pragmatically used xCELLigence realtime cell analysis (RTCA) technology to describe the in-vitro toxicity of ENPBCs. The xCELLigence is a +noninvasive in vitro toxicity monitoring process that mimics exact continuous cellular bioresponses in real-time settings. On the other hand, articles were also extracted from 2008 to 2016 describing the in vivo animal models toxicity of ENPBCs with regards to safety outcomes. Results: Out of 32 of the 121 (26. 4%) articles identified from the literature, 23 (71. 9%) met the in-vitro xCELLigence and 9(28. 1%) complied with the in vivo animal model toxicity inclusion criteria. Of the 23 articles, 4 of them (17. 4%) had no size estimation of ENPBCs. The xCELLigence technology provided information on cell interactions, viability, and proliferation process. Eighty-three (19/23) of the in vitro xCELLigence technology studies described ENPBCs as nontoxic or partially nontoxic materials. The in vivo animal model provided further toxicity information where 1(1/9) of the in vivo animal model studies indicated potential animal toxicity while the remaining results recommended ENPPCs as potential candidates for drug therapy though with limited information on toxicity. Conclusion: The results showed that the bioimpacts of ENPBCs either at the in vitro or at in vivo animal model levels are still limited due to insufficient information and data. To keep pace with ENPBCs biomedical products and applications, in vitro, in vivo assays, clinical trials and long-term impacts are needed to validate their usability and uptake. Besides, more real-time ENPBCs-cell impact analyses using xCELLigence are needed to provide significant data and information for further in vivo testing.

More than 22% of the world's agricultural land is saline, and this trend continues to increase with climate changes. Salinity stress causes leaf color change, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, prevents growth, photosynthesis and plant performance. Due to their size less than micron, metal Nanoparticles have a great absorption and transmission power in plants. Salinity stress is a major problem in hot and dry areas under tomato cultivation. For this purpose, investigating the mutual effects of the size and type of zinc oxide and iron oxide Nanoparticles on the improvement and change of growth and increasing the resistance to salt stress in tomato plants of the early urbana variety were carried out in the form of a completely randomized and factorial design with 4 replications, at a significant level of 5%. In this research, zinc oxide Nanoparticles in 25 and 50 nm sizes, iron oxide in 25 nm sizes and sodium chloride in 0 and 75 mM levels were used. Nanoparticles and salinity treatments were both applied to the plants. The results showed that salt stress led to a decrease in plant growth parameters such as shoot and root length, leaf area, RWC, ion leakage. Also, NaCl led to an increase in the accumulation of prolin and other aldehydes, sodium, iron and zinc. The application of Nanoparticles had a slight effect in stress-free conditions, but in stressed conditions, these two Nanoparticles alone and especially in combination neutralized the effect of salinity and reduced the damage caused by salinity stress.

Since Nanoparticles cause increase of serious threat to human, animals and aquatic ecosystems, toxicity of copper oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) on cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. in different concentrations were studied using growth inhibition test (OECD201). The negative Zander cyanobacteria were grown in the culture medium (Z-8-N) under optimum conditions of light, temperature and aeration in growth chamber. After starting the logarithmic growth phase, samples were exposed to various concentrations of copper oxide Nanoparticles at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The number of cyanobacterial cells was daily counted and analyzed based on Probit analysis. The effective concentration (EC50), no effect concentration (NOEC), specific growth rate (µ ), doubling time (G), percentage growth inhibition (I%) and chlorophyll content was calculated. Treatments and control were significantly different in terms of cell density and growth inhibition percentage at specific intervals. In addition, the chlorophyll content of different treatments showed significant difference compared to control. It seems reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis is one of the routes that lead to considerable damage of copper oxide Nanoparticles on Anabaena sp.